Health Effects of PBDE Absorption

Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) is a common flame retardant used to reduce the risk of fire in a wide variety of products, such as childrens pajamas and your computer. PBDEs are excellent flame retardants, but the chemicals have been accumulating in the environment and in human bodies. Relatively recent reports have indicated that exposure to low concentrations of these chemicals may result in irreparable damage to the nervous and reproductive systems. The European Union will ban two of the three most common PBDE formulations starting in 2004. California is the only U.S. state to take action, passing a law to ban certain PBDEs, but not until 2008. Several Japanese electronics companies will be phasing PBDEs from their products. Other countries and individual manufacturers are taking steps to eliminate their use of PBDEs. PBDE concentrations are 10-20 times higher in North Americans than in Europeans. European concentrations are about twice those of Japanese levels. Calculations performed by Ronald Hites of Indiana University show that body concentrations have been exponentially increasing, with a doubling time of 4 to 5 years. PBDE-containing products are being phased out, but the chemicals remain a health concern because they are so persistent in the body and in the environment.

Climate Change Affects People And The Atmosphere Every Day

As people live their lives every day, climate change is currently happening. Climate change is the shifting of normal weather patterns, which can cause the environment to become unbalanced. The greenhouse effect plays a major role in climate change, and it consists of four types of gases: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and flourished gases. These greenhouse gases help trap heat on Earth, but yet the carbon dioxide levels are increasing, and this can damage the cycle of the greenhouse effect. Climate change affects people and the atmosphere every day. Many people do not realize that current climate change can cause huge problems in the future; people need to find solutions in order to get climate change under control. Climate change is a major issue in the world. As the population increases, more resources are required to supply basic human needs. The resources such as oil, coal, and natural gas are essential in human lives. 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How do the first five minutes of “Shane” and “Bram Stoker’s Dracula” establish genre and narrative Free Essays

string(40) " these orange colours were fashionable\." A genre is a specific form of media commodity. It has characteristic qualities that are familiar to audiences because the same method is applied repeatedly. A genre functions like a language and is used by film producers to ensure an audience can identify and predict what is likely to happen. We will write a custom essay sample on How do the first five minutes of â€Å"Shane† and â€Å"Bram Stoker’s Dracula† establish genre and narrative? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Genres can offer comforting reassurance in an uncomfortable situation; the conventions are recognisable usually through iconography, familiar narrative, mise-en-scene, actors and style of representation. These sets of conventions are constantly renegotiated between industry and audience. Genre can also be a way of working through important myths and fear by the use of repetition, variation and resolution and can be thought of as â€Å"tidying up† the mess of life. Narrative involves a basic structure (beginning, middle and end) and a basic decision on the genre of story being told. It can imply the use of various codes to create or to reveal a character, to generate suspense, to provide setting and to further the plot. Through narrative we become aware of the fact that each genre contains certain common elements but have different characteristics. They might be told in different ways, styles, or from different points of view. It is important to know and understand the difference between narrative and story. A story is a sequence of events known correctly as the plot and narrative is the way in which those events are put together so they can be presented to an audience. Narratives involve the following; Technical codes, Verbal codes, Symbolic codes, Structure, Characters and conflict. Twentieth Century theorist Claude Levi Strauss suggested that all narratives had to be driven forward by conflict that was caused by a series of opposing forces. He called this the theory of Binary opposition, and it is used to describe how each main force in a narrative has its equal and opposite. Some examples of these opposing forces are as follows: good/evil, light/dark, right/wrong and poverty/wealth. He believed that if this strategy was used, a balance or resolution could be achieved. Narratives, in short, have to be about change, disturbance and disorder. Commonly narratives will feature the following structure: Establishing a problem, Elaboration of the problem and resolution of the problem. The nature of the problem and how it will be resolved depends on the genre or form of the narrative, whether it involves solving the mystery, punishing the wrongdoer or obtaining the desired object or person. This brings me to the opening sequence, which can be the most important moment in a film. This is because they are the first images the audience sees when the lights go down. These quick segments form a contract outlining the filmmaker’s intentions and setting up the expectations of those watching. The opening sequence can be the most action-packed part of a film; it creates suspense and gets the audience asking questions. This is what the director aims to achieve, by getting the audience to unconsciously ask questions he has gained their attention for the remainder of the film. This can also be a chance to give the audience a taster of what’s to come by introducing characters and setting up themes. The audience will now be aware of the genre they are going to watch. The Western genre is widely popular with audiences around the world simply because its an easy genre to recognise, we know that westerns are fictional. They are set in west America and are centred on a particular period of American history, the years between 1865 and 1890. â€Å"The Great Train Robbery† is a 1903 Western film. The film is only ten minutes long, but is a high point in filmmaking and is considered the first American western to tell a fictional story. The film used a number of innovative techniques, these included parallel editing, camera movement and location shooting. The film also employed the first pan shots; almost every shot was a static long shot confining the action to the perspective of the camera at eye level. The plot was inspired by a true event that occurred on August 29, 1900, when four members of George Leroy Parker’s ‘Hole in the Wall’ gang halted the No. 3 train on the Union Pacific Railroad tracks toward Table Rock, Wyoming. The bandits forced the conductor to uncouple the passenger cars from the rest of the train and then blew up the safe in the mail car to escape with about $5,000 in cash. This can be related back to the western genre because it includes the villain; hero and the general setting you would expect to see a Western film in it is relevant because it tells a fictional story this is what Westerns should do. Directed by George Stevens the film Shane was made in 1953, the idea for the film was taken from a novel written by Jack Schaefer. Jack Schaefer was an American journalist, whose best-known novel Shane (1949) has been considered the ultimate achievement in creating a mythical western hero with a shady past. The story followed the pattern of a classical Greek tragedy, in which there is no escape from fate. As a writer Schaefer made his breakthrough with Shane (1949), a tale of a gunman’s involvement with a homesteading family in Wyoming. Schaefer had never been west of Cleveland, but his vision of the West was so clear-cut, that his novel Shane was awarded the best western novel ever written in 1985. Alan Ladd who was born in Hot Springs, Arkansas plays Shane. Other main characters include Jean Arthur who plays Marion Starett, Van Heflin who plays Joe Starett and Brandon De Wilde who plays Joey. The titles are old fashioned and are in traditional techni colour. â€Å"George Stevens a production of Shane† appears on screen shortly followed by â€Å"Shane† in a deep red/orange colour. This is typical of the period of 1953 in which these orange colours were fashionable. You read "How do the first five minutes of â€Å"Shane† and â€Å"Bram Stoker’s Dracula† establish genre and narrative?" in category "Narrative essays" The music used to accompany these opening titles is strong with a joyful feeling. The opening camera shots reinforce what we have just seen and set up the genre. The first thing we are drawn to is the large open spaces, we are looking out across the plain, deserted area, in the background there are large mountains, these are surrounded by low lying clouds. The camera then sweeps across; this is when we see more of the area. We become aware of a stag in the water surrounded by bushes. We get a glimpse of small boy who is almost completely hidden by bushes. He is holding a rifle and aiming for the stag. He spots a man on horse back in the distance and looks startled. The music turns from joyful to loud and deep this creates a sense of anticipation and this is what the producer aims to achieve when he accompanies a film by different moods of music. We are already asking questions, who is the man on the horse? , Who is the boy? It then cuts to a man chopping wood with an axe we can hear a woman singing and catch a glimpse of her. She has blonde hair and a soft singing voice; she’s wearing a white shirt this makes her look pure and untouched. She is in the kitchen preparing a meal for her husband in generic realism we would expect to find a woman in the kitchen and doing the housework while her husband goes out to work. The man on horseback who we become aware is Shane is wearing a cowboy hat, cream top and beige trousers with brown tassels hanging from them. He is on horseback and around his waist is a belt with miniature horse cartwheels on. The music becomes more mysterious and the scene that follows is full of anticipation as Shane and Joe exchange a few words. Shane produces a gun and the music hits it’s highest point as the problem is resolved the gun is put away and a lighter friendlier music appears. So far we have the stereotypical family: a small boy, a mum in the kitchen preparing food for her family and a dad chopping wood for his family. Then there’s Shane who fills our ideology. He comes in to disturb this peaceful family but turns out not to be a threat. So what are we missing? The villains. These come in the form of the Ryker brothers. The Rykers and their posse of gun-toting ruffians ride by and threaten to run Starrett off his farm. The Rykers, are ruthless businessmen, and have been trying to rid the valley of homesteaders so they can expand their ranch. After witnessing this brutality, Shane decides to stay on and help out at the ranch. Provoked by Ryker’s boys, Shane joins the homesteader’s fight, facing off with a hired gunslinger to make the valley safe for civilized folks like the Starretts. While helping Shane falls in love with the wife but he keeps his distance out of respect for the husband. This brings me to Bram Stoker’s Dracula. This is a film, which is true to the original text rather than the hammer house style; the belief in Christianity is under question and the film is centred on Dracula’s relationship with life and after life. A narrator introduces Dracula this strange and mysterious figure employs us to sympathise with him. We see him as a person whose anguish has affected his bond with eternity. Dracula represents an apparition of what may happen to us if we happened to be in the same situation as him. In the opening scene the background is drenched in red and we see the battle of two opposing forces, good and evil. There are close shots of the building and the red skies in the heavens above gives it a threatening look. The titles do not appear until after the opening sequence, this is because Coppola wants to give the responsibility to the audience as to why they believe Dracula is a horror villain rather then a monster. The music is slow and deep in tone to create atmosphere and suspense; it changes in volume when people begin to talk. There is never silence, the constant tapping in the background is almost like screaming. When we finally meet Dracula he is covered in orange armour, the rigid lines on his armour flow horizontally and give him a look of strength. He has long brown hair and a large moustache. He looks angry and screams before he drinks the blood from the goblet. Elizabetta couldn’t be more different, she also has brown hair but is wearing a long flowing dress, her pale white skin against the red of the blood is a strong contrast, she looks innocent. The gold surrounding them gives the place a look of importance, which can also be reflected into the clothing. The story continues with Dracula believing he is an agent of god: â€Å"Praise god I am victorious† As things progress his wife receives a false message of his death this results in her taking her own life. On hearing about this Dracula is grief stricken; he turns against god because she is in hell and stabs the cross, blood fills the room and Dracula drinks the blood in a parody of holy communion. This opening scene addresses the audience’s knowledge of the use of conventions. Coppola knows that the audience will have encountered Dracula in many other forms before and plays on this. The story is told from Dracula’s point of view. Similar to Shane there are Binary opposites and the themes of the genre are noticeable through mise-en-scene and iconography. There are candles and crucifixes, tall windows and dark colours. Again the audience are asking questions even though they will have had some knowledge of Dracula before. In conclusion we now know that the purpose of an opening sequence is to allow the audience to establish the genre and set the foundations for the remainder of the film. We know that to do this you can use generic texts; this will allow the audience to predict what is likely to happen, although this may seem boring it actually does have some advantages it allows the audience to feel comfortable with the following events that will take place. I have found that generic texts are easier to watch because of this. The opening of both texts were slightly different, in Dracula the titles were not shown until the end of the opening sequence I found this more exciting because it gives the audience more of a chance to question what is going on. They were very similar in the ways they established themselves as generic texts though. They used similar techniques but fitted it to a different genre. Both films were enjoyable to watch because they followed a plan and had binary opposition. How to cite How do the first five minutes of â€Å"Shane† and â€Å"Bram Stoker’s Dracula† establish genre and narrative?, Essays

South Part of Central British Columba-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about The South Part of Central British Columba. Answer: Introduction Natural Disasters are a curse to people who get directly affected by it. These are the overflow of water that submerges lands and results in damaging the lives of the inhabitants residing in that region. Floods are often the result of excessive rains and overflow of lakes (Aerts et al., 2016). These are one of the destructive forms of natural disasters. Kamloops, the Canadian city in south-central British Columbia is the hometown of the largest community (Eagles, 2015). The city is situated at the conference of Kamloops Lake and the Thompson River. The city deals with the flood threat in almost every year. A combination of the rains and the melting of the spring snow lead to the rise in the water levels of the adjacent Kamloops Lake. Another city is the Kelowna. Situated in the Okanagan Valley in the southern interior of British Columbia, this city is the third largest metropolitan area. Like Kamloops, the residents of this area have been observing the issues of the flood in almost e very year. The flood in this city is the result of a ton of moisture in the valley due to the rainfall which resulted in a saturated ground field that was unable to soak water from the melting snows. The warm temperature afterward resulted in melting of the snow at the same time of the rainy season thus causing the waters of the lake to overflow in the valley. This report analyses, the effects of the flood on the lives of the people residing in the two cities (Loucks Van Beek, 2017). It further highlights the condition of buildings, the state of homelessness of millions and the governmental measures for it. The report focuses on the advancement of technology and also on what precautions can be taken in case of previous knowledge of the upcoming disaster. Effects of the natural disaster The impact of the flood is effective on both individuals and communities. Flood has economic, social and cultural consequences in the lives of human residing in the affected area. The yearly flood trend in Kamloops and Kelowna region in the south of central British Columbia has been a topic of threat and anxiety for the residents of the location. The immediate impacts of flood include the death of human, property damage and building damages, crop destructions, deterioration of health factors (da Conceio et al., 2018). This report focuses on the damage and disruption in transportation and roads that are caused due to flood. These are the two key things that hamper the daily activities of the people in the two cities after the natural disaster. Besides, flood affects property and buildings of the city. The Kamloops and Kelowna region faces the degrading condition of constructions and buildings due to the impact of extreme tidal powers during the flood (Lendering, Jonkman Kok, 2016). T he power of the tides and the flood breaks down houses and buildings, thus resulting in the condition of homelessness for millions of inhabitants. Recent flood disaster in 2015 at Kamloops reported evacuation of 60 homes (Eagles, 2015). The effects of this natural disaster are severe. Floods damage the public infrastructure of the cities. The roads get flooded with water and the drainage system of both Kamloops and Kelowna region fails to cope up with the overgrowing water levels. People staying back face a hard time to travel and face major issues in transportation. Lack of vehicles and networks impact on the regional economies. The impacts of the flood on transportations and traffic are often intangible. Loss of time and environmental degradation due to the emission of additional Co2 are some of the dangerous effects of the flood (Thom, 2018). Flood damages the roads, railways and the key transport hubs like shipping ports. This results in the downturn of Kamloops and Kelowna regi onal tourism and the number of tourists reduces due to the flooding event. Till date, the issue related to roads and traffic disruption after the flood event in Kamloops and Kelowna region. The residents in this region have been facing issues in their daily activities for long. Every year, the effects of this natural disaster have been a trauma and threat to the inhabitants of the area (Pasi Bhave, 2015). Though there has been considerable development in the infrastructure of the roads and drainage system in the city, still a lot more development and advancement are required for successful prevention from the after-effects of these natural disasters. Floods are not unpredictable to these regions. Every year the cities south-central British Columbia faces flood due to heavy rainfall and snow melts. The residents of the cities are thus expected to be prepared or be ready to face these kinds of disasters since there are high chances that flood will occur in those regions in the coming years again (Chang et al.,2014). In the era of rising globalization, it is quite a question if the yearly flood will discontinue. Figure: 1 According to the latest reports, Kelowna mayor warns the residents of the city to get prepared for unprecedented flooding (Meuse, 2018). He further commented that as a community, all the people need to gather together and take care of each other. Residents take protective measures like building sandbags beams before their building to protect their property. They further prepare 72-hour emergency preparedness kits. Kelowna has been preparing for the flood for along. Creation of dams, barriers beside the lake and rivers are being made by the local authorities. The city of Kamloops has been facing the issues of the flood from June 2, 1972 (Meuse, 2018). Several measures have been taken from that time but all failed before the ferocious water tides. The resident of the city uses mud and debris around their house and often the residents are forced to evacuate. The city is declared a local state of emergency before the flood hits the city. According to the mayor of Kamloops, there is always a backing up strategy from the rain waters and emergency social services in the city provide vouchers for the families who need places to move during the flood. Figure:2 The role of the government The government plays a very important role in managing the flood scenarios in the Kamloops and Kelowna region. In the city of Kamloops and Kelowna, some of the governmental measures that help the people in the city are: Alerting all the residents of the city Evacuating all the residents in a safe place before the flood hits the city Preparation of the emergency kit (Dixon et al., 2016). Emergency food stockings Facilities of rainwater storages Emergency social services to provide emergency aids to people A safe home for homeless people Making people aware not use candles and flames to lessen the risk of fire and carbon monoxide poisoning (Hamann Wang, 2006). The government asks people to check in on family or homes out of the city during the time of the year where flood occurs Facilities of flood watch to watch over the city Opening emergency operation centers in the city These services by the government are more or less fast. People in these cities rely on the local government and their support. Throughout the last 45 years, Kamloops has been facing the yearly flood disaster and it is the government of the city which has been helping out the residents of this area. Fig: 3 According to a recent report in the Global news, Kelowna has been spending millions for the damages due to flood. The city has started the expensive work of flood repairing recently. The initiative by the government to spend on the city is for the welfare and to prevent flooding in the future. According to the mayor of the city, sandbars are to be replaced by a functioning sediment pond. Keeping in mind about the public infrastructures and public safety, the government of Kelowna has initiated the repairing process so that there is no more flood damage in the near future of the city. According to Peter Milobar, the mayor of Kamloops, it takes time for the city to be normal again. The houses and residential areas do not get the hydro or gas utilities for a few days and the cleanup procedure after the flood takes up some time. It takes a little while to get rid of the mud and the debris and drying up the wet surfaces before resuming back to the normal life. The government also provides financial assistance to the residents for reshaping and rebuilding their damaged properties. Another most important effect of the natural disaster is the disruption in the power system. The residents of both cities face issues since it takes up a while for the local authorities and the government to set up new power plants and repair the old ones that were damaged due to flood. Citizens living near areas of power plants are thus always advised by the government to return back to their house after complete drying of the waterlogged streets and places. Technological advancements The natural disaster, the flood has been a yearly threat to the residents of the cities of Kamloops and Kelowna. Innovative measures for the flood disaster management have been the topic of discussion in the recent era (Larsen et al., 2016). Researchers are now using high-end technological solutions for providing real-time forecast of the upcoming dangers and disasters of floods (Armenakis et al., 2017). Due to the high-end technological development, the governments of the Canadian cities of south-central British Columbia get to know about the upcoming flood disaster. As reported to the CBC news, Kelowna mayor warns the resident about the upcoming disaster so that the residents of the city get time to evacuate with necessary documents, perishable foods and required clothes before the flood hits the city. Some of the suggested measures and precautions are taken by the residents of Kamloops and Kelowna region to lessen the impacts of the flood are: Knowing directions and Evacuate before the floodwaters threaten the city. Planning for an alternative place to stay in the flood time of the year Clearing critical utilities like sockets, switches, electric panels Moving valuable items, furniture, and documents to a safe place. Purchasing flood insurance pack for getting financial protection for the cost required to repair the damage occurred due to flood. Following flood warnings and flood watches so that people get adequate time to pack and leave(Meuse, 2018). Understanding and knowing about the flood risk according to the area of stay Monitoring weather reports by the local media news. Avoiding stays in floodwater since the water may be contaminated by gasoline, oil or electricity. Planning for a power back up since flood disrupts the power system of the entire city. Conclusion Floods are the most common form of disasters that affect the environment around. Some of the suggestive measures to handle the flood situations and to reduce the fear of flood in the cities of Kamloops and Kelowna include the introduction of better flood warning systems, modification of homes so that it can withstand floods, construction of building structures above flood levels, the introduction of water storages and more flood barriers. The current era showed effective changes in the climate conditions. Scientists believe this can contribute to the rise in extreme weather events like flooding and thus changes in climate need to be tackled. References Aerts, J. C., Bouwer, L. M., Winsemius, H. C., Ward, P. J. (2016). FLOPROS: an evolving global database of flood protection standards.Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,16(5), 1049. Armenakis, C., Du, E. X., Natesan, S., Persad, R. A., Zhang, Y. (2017). Flood Risk Assessment in Urban Areas Based on Spatial Analytics and Social Factors.Geosciences,(2076-3263), 7(4), 1-15, doi: 10.3390/geosciences7040123 Chang, F. J., Chen, P. A., Lu, Y. R., Huang, E., Chang, K. Y. (2014). Real-time multi-step-ahead water level forecasting by recurrent neural networks for urban flood control.Journal of Hydrology,517, 836-846. da Conceio, E. D. O., Higuti, J., de Campos, R., Martens, K. (2018). Effects of flood pulses on persistence and variability of pleuston communities in a tropical floodplain lake.Hydrobiologia,807(1), 175-188. Dixon, S. J., Sear, D. A., Odoni, N. A., Sykes, T., Lane, S. N. (2016). The effects of river restoration on catchment scale flood risk and flood hydrology.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,41(7), 997-1008. Eagles, D. (2015). After the flash flood, cleanup begins.Kamloops This Week. Retrieved from https://www.kamloopsthisweek.com/after-the-flash-flood-cleanup-begins/ Hamann, A., Wang, T. (2006). Potential effects of climate change on ecosystem and tree species distribution in British Columbia.Ecology,87(11), 2773-2786. Larsen, T. A., Hoffmann, S., Lthi, C., Truffer, B., Maurer, M. (2016). Emerging solutions to the water challenges of an urbanizing world.Science,352(6288), 928-933. Lendering, K. T., Jonkman, S. N., Kok, M. (2016). Effectiveness of emergency measures for flood prevention.Journal of Flood Risk Management,9(4), 320-334. Loucks, D. P., Van Beek, E. (2017).Water resource systems planning and management: An introduction to methods, models, and applications. Springer. Meuse, M. (2018). Kelowna mayor warns residents to prepare for unprecedented flooding.CBC/Radio-Canada. Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/bc-flooding-preparations-1.4110209 Pasi, A. A., Bhave, U. (2015). Flood detection system using wireless sensor network.International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering,5(2). Thom, S. (2018). West Kelowna spends millions on flood repairs.Global News. Retrieved from https://globalnews.ca/news/4060115/west-kelowna-spends-million-on-flood-repairs/